michael j. kennedy
~~~teaching philosophy~~~
"Ubuntu" - "I am because we are." "It is to say, 'My humanity is inextricably bound up in yours.' We belong in a bundle of life."
~ Desmond Tutu
---
"Should I retreat into some silent place and work it all out by myself, I asked. No, the voice said. You should stay here and continue doing what you are doing and work it all out the difficult way.
The easy way will save your soul only;
the difficult way will save your soul and a few
others.
So this is your choice:
Savalvation by yourself, or
salvation together
with other ---"
~ as I was moving ahead occasionally I saw brief glimpses of beauty; dir. Jonas Mekas, 2000.
---
"To educate as the practice of freedom is a way of teaching that anyone can learn [...] our work [of teaching] is not merely to share information but to share in the intellectual and spiritual growth of our [communities].
~ bell hooks
---
"Non sai tu che la nostra anima è composta di armonia?"
{Do you not know that our soul is composed of harmony?}
~ Leonardo da Vinci; Trattato della Pittura
---
"Ancora Imparo."
{Yet, I am learning.}
~ Michelangelo
***
I believe pedagogically that humans-as-students retain information most successfully and for longer periods of time when that information is able to be internalized because it has been braided together with a particularly unique kind of external visual-imprint, not unlike how one could imagine every thought you have in a day etched out in a crystalline-snow-flake like matrix, each idea-flake different from the last and the next, both connected in a sequence, a stream of conscience, but at the same time unique enough to have its own contours and limits – the shape or color you might associate with thoughts considered in isolation that allows for recall at a later date, a moment after internalization that brings to the surface of consciousness that idea, lesson, feeling, movement, rhythm, harmony, melody, the force-like-gravity & waves of electro-magnestism & the miracle that weaves through & splashes across the present the moment when breath becomes air, ultimately allowing for transfer from one [educational] space to another space (another space not necessarily explicitly educational – recognizing the circulations of pathos as you listen to the radio driving home, for example).
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I like to think of what I mean in this way: Walter Benjamin writes in The Origin of German Tragic Drama that “ideas are to objects as constellations are to stars” (34). I have thought a lot about this analogy-as-image, and the lesson as I understand it feels intensely important: like the art of rhetoric, there is a philosophy and logic of design, a style (for all things, but pedagogy in this case) that, in the spirit of the German Bauhaus, can aid a student in remembering information in the form of shapes and colors, similar to the classical rhetorical tool made famous by Cicero, the method of loci (popularly known now as Benedict Cumberbatch’s memory palace in the show Sherlock). I am passionate in my pedagogy about providing for students simple-enough constellations, like diagrams, that allow for that delicious “a-ha!” moment. Associating sometimes abstract ideas (like star-constellations or stasis-theory) with actual colors and objects and shapes (like stars themselves, or roadblocks that prohibit a conversation from advancing logically at an issue-as-an-intersection that is experiencing an impasse [analogous to feminism's concept of intersectionality]) gives a depth of meaning and direction to “genres,” “themes,” "word-games," Wittgensteinian "language-games," “units of study in a semester,” and so on. This depth ideally will be where students form their own metaphorical systems that allow them to see how those systems work and move more clearly, especially in a wide variety of rhetorical situations that take on gossamer-like-qualities as one dips into and out of the parlor, some of a conversation here, bits and pieces of a conversation from over there.
___
I mean more than just the importance of the classic rhetorical triangle as a visual aid to help ground understanding and application, just as I mean more than the horizon of Burke's parlor as the sine qua non of a rhetorical learning opportunity. Throughout popular contemporary rhetoric textbooks, like Losh et. al's Understanding Rhetoric, which takes the form and function of a graphic novel, or Andrea Lunsford's Let's Talk, together & apart these rhetoric texts illustrate rich and memorable pages of argument and dialogue, with examples and instructions, that in my experience help students more quickly and confidently pick up (actually pick up in their minds and move things around) lessons on rhetoric, writing, and reading. In Let’s Talk, a veritable aviary of colorful chirping birds on the front cover is explained as follows: “Talk is at the very heart of any society, including those of our fine-feathered friends the birds, who talk, negotiate, and share information with each other across vast distances,” while issuing an invitation to the potential reader. “Let’s talk!” indeed, “let’s!” The cover, designed by graphic artist Stephen Doyle, is appropriately titled Birdsong, a title that invites us to consider how all communication, from normal passing-in-the-hall “hello!” to a lecture on the canons of rhetoric are kinds of song, musical melodies and rhetorical rhythms that influence every possibility of communication, from kennings to kairos.
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The illumination of the “space of the possible” referenced in the bell hooks epigraph, that space that is never already given but must be worked for, must be searched for, often-times must be built, that space-as-oasis that, illumined under the tapestry of minds casting their soft light of attention, begins to glow with hope, with community-spirit, with justice, is precisely the kind of internal and external and spiritual epiphenomenon that follows on the heels of teaching-moments that instruction in rhetoric make possible. “It is imperative that we maintain hope even when the harshness of reality may suggest the opposite” (2), Paulo Freire reminds us, and so we should remember “whatever the perspective through which we appreciate authentic educational practice – its process implies hope” (ix, in bell hooks). Cultivating the ability to recognize the available means of persuasion in a rhetorical situation and practicing a rhetorical awareness not unlike consciousness-rising are in my estimation fundamental pillars to such a pedagogy of hope - a life-style tuned to understanding and then recognizing and then putting into action the many (nonviolent, ethical, respectful, reasonable) alternatives that present themselves, often in the form of those felt available means of persuasion concerning the parts of life which are in the main contingent (all decision making, communication, writing, & so much more).
___
Language is music; speech is song. By taking a deep breath and then exploring our own individual and collective histories in and through language – with language's help and sense – I approach teaching with eyes cast toward where the brain and mind and body and spirit and voice and air coalesce to create and rearrange and direct the miracle of language's potential for re-writing our communal reality – a shared rhetorical concern if not also a rhetorical question embedded alongside so many exigencies in a rhetorical situation – from within the heart of the matter, the spirit & distance of what (re)makes us human, the magnitudes of passion – both eros and thymos – that make possible rationality, thought, language, love, and a kinder, gentler, more ethical and reasonable future for our beloved more-than-human-world, sonorous with bird-song and shimmering with the shine of human logos, a home and a dwelling and a nest, for all of us. ~mjk
***
"The wind is rising! . . . We must try to live!
The huge air opens and shuts my book: the wave
Dares to explode out of the rocks in reeking
Spray. Flay away, my sun-bewildered pages!
Break, waves! Break up with your rejoicing surges
This quiet roof where sails like doves were pecking."
~ Paul Valéry; The Graveyard by the Sea
***
"Whoever requires the suffrage of others,
has at once placed his life in the power of
calculation and of chance; to such a degree,
that the labours of calculation cannot
secure him from the accidents of chance,
and the accidents of chance cannot exempt
him from the pains of calculation."
~ Germaine de Staël; A Treatise on the Influence of the Passions Upon the Happiness of Individuals and of Nations [1796]
***
"Three centuries before the poet Muriel Rukeyser wrote that 'the universe is made of stories, not atoms,'
Kepler knew that whatever the composition of the universe may be, its understanding was indeed the work of stories, not of science --- that what he needed was a new rhetoric by which to illustrate, in simple yet compelling ways, that the Earth is indeed in motion. And so
The Dream was born."
~ Maria Popova; Figuring
***
"It is the story that makes the difference."
~ Ursula K. Le Guin; The Carrier Bag Theory of Fiction [1986]
***
"Henry Johnstone, the founding and long-term editor of
Philosophy & Rhetoric,
once suggested that rhetoric was an
attempt to be
"philosophy without tears."
~ James Crosswhite; Deep Rhetoric: Philosophy, Reason, Violence, Justice, Wisdom
***
"We do not [yet] have the ideal world, such as we would like, where morality is easy because cognition is easy. Where one can do right with no effort because [they] can detect the obvious."
~ Philip K. Dick; The Man in the High Castle
***
"Pure reason,
transcending all limits, is divinity itself ---
whereby and in accordance with which the
very plan of the world is ordered. (John 1).
Through reason man learns of his destiny,
the unconditional purpose of his life.
And although at times reason is obscured,
it continues to glimmer faintly
even in the darkest age,
for it is never totally extinguished."
~ G.W.F. Hegel; The Life of Jesus [1795]
***
"If the domain of human knowledge were confined to abstract reasoning alone, then, after subjecting the explanation of power given by science to criticism, humanity would come to the conclusion that power is only a word, and that it has no existence in reality. But for the knowledge of phenomena, man has besides abstract reasoning another instrument --- experience [& rhetoric] -- by which he verifies the results of reasoning. And experience tells him that power is not merely a word, but an actually existing phenomenon."
~ Leo Tolstoy; War & Peace
***
"Each given system is in itself part of the enslaving nature of delusion; in other words, as soon as I avow one philosopher or system (e.g., Spinoza or Schopenhauer or Kant or Anaxagoras, or Parmenides or Gnosticism), I have become again or more ensnared, as I am by this spatiotemporal world itself; it is as if the eidos of Truth is exploded and splintered like all the eide. And all the Selves and Souls. [...] Of course this means that I can never come up with the whole, true, complete explanation/answer. I can re-collect and re-collect, do better and better, but never completely make unified the eidos of Truth."
~ Philip K. Dick; The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick
***
"History says, don't hope
On this side of the grave.
The longed-for tidal wave
Of justice can rise up,
And hope and history rhyme."
~ Seamus Heaney; The Cure at Troy
***
"You will forgive me if you are someone who knows a lot of Hegel or understands it, I do not and will paraphrase badly, but I understood him to be saying [that]... [t]he function of a sentence like "Reason is Spirit" was not to assert a fact (he said) but to lay Reason side by side with Spirit and allow their meanings to tenderly mingle in speculation. I was overjoyed by this notion of a philosophic space where words drift in gentle mutual redefinition of one another[...]"
~ Anne Carson; Merry Christmas from Hegel
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ἔστω δὴ ἡ ῥητορικὴ δύναμις περὶ ἕκαστον τοῦ θεωρῆσαι τὸ ἐνδεχόμενον πιθανόν.
_
(Estō dē hē rhētorikē dunamis peri hekaston tou theōrēsai to endekhomenon pithanon.)
~ Aristotle; Rhetoric, 1355b
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"Let us define rhetoric to be 'A faculty of considering all the
possible means of persuasion on every subject'.”
(Hobbes translation)
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"Rhetoric then may be defined as the faculty of discovering the possible means of persuasion in reference to any subject whatever."
(Freese translation)
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"Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion."
(Rhys Roberts translation)
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"Let rhetoric be [defined as] an ability, in each [particular] case, to see the available means of persuasion."
(George A. Kennedy translation)
__
~ Erik Doxtader; "In the Name of a Becoming Rhetoric: Critical Reflections on the Potential of Aristotle's Rhetoric 1355b [2013]
***
"Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, [...] Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, [...] Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, Now, therefore, The General Assembly proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations [...]"
~ United Nations {1948}
***
"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
~ Article #1; Universal Declaration of Human Rights {1948}
***
"[Track II diplomacy is] unofficial, nonstructured interaction. It [T2] is always open-minded, often altruistic, and [...] strategically optimistic, based on best-case analysis. Its underlying assumption is that actual or potential conflict can be resolved or eased by appealing to common human capabilities to respond to goodwill & reasonableness."
~ Joseph V. Montville & William D. Davidson; "Foreign Policy According to Freud" - [1981-1982]
***
"It is the dialectic of the rational and the reasonable,
the confrontation of logical coherence with the
unreasonable character of conclusions,
which is at the base of the progress of thought.
How does this confrontation, this dialectic, show itself
in law?
It would be interesting to examine this."
~ Chaïm Perelman; "The Rational & The Reasonable"
***
"Perspective betrays with its dichotomy:
train tracks always meet, not here, but only
in the impossible mind's eye;
horizons beat a retreat as we embark
on sophist seas to overtake that mark
where wave pretends to drench real sky."
~ Sylvia Plath; Love is a Parallax
***
"The growing good of the world is partly dependent on unhistoric acts; and that things are not so ill with you and me as they might have been, is half-owing to the number who lived faithfully a hidden life, and rest in unvisited tombs."
~ George Eliot; Middlemarch
***
"A book [& a rhetoric] must be an ice axe to break the sea frozen inside us."
~ Franz Kafka
***
"When I was born [in 1895], humanity was 95% illiterate. Since I've been born [& it now being 1983], the population has doubled and that total population is now 65% literate. That's a gain of 130-fold of the literacy. When humanity is primarily illiterate, it needs leaders to understand and get the information and deal with it. When we are at the point where the majority of humans themselves are literate, able to get the information, we're in an entirely new relationship to Universe. We are at the point where the integrity of the individual counts and not what the political leadership or the religious leadership says to do."
~ Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller; [1895-1983]
***
"Why is magnitude [...] an apt subject for rhetoric? We begin with the obvious modernist truth that language is at best an approximation for what counts in our social reality. All other things being equal [...] well-substantiated approximations tend to prevail. But it does mean that there is an unavoidable element of contingency, partisanship, and "interestedness" in the very nexus of word and world."
~ Thomas B. Farrell, "The Weight of Rhetoric," Philosophy & Rhetoric [2008]
***
"Have patience with everything that remains unsolved in your heart. [...] live in the question."
~ Rainer Maria Rilke, Letters to a Young Poet [1929]
***
"It began to seem that one would have to hold in the mind forever two ideas which seemed to be in opposition. The first idea was acceptance, the acceptance, totally without rancor, of life as it is, and men as they are; in light of this idea, it goes without saying that injustice is a commonplace. But this did not mean that one could be complacent, for the second idea was of equal power: that one must never, in one's own life, accept these injustices as commonplace but must fight them with all one's strengh. This fight begins, however, in the heart, and it now had been laid to my charge to keep my own heart free of hatred and despair."
~ James Baldwin
***
"The miracle that saves the world, the realm of human affairs from its normal, 'natural' ruin is ultimately the fact of natality, in which the faculty of action is ontologically rooted. It is, in other words, the birth of new [people] and the new beginning, the action they are capable of by virtue of this being born. Only the full experience of this capacity can bestow upon human affairs faith and hope."
~ Hannah Arendt; The Human Condition
***
"Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed."
~ UNESCO [1992]
***
"Why does tragedy exist? Because you are full of rage. Why are you full of rage? Because you are full of grief."
~ Anne Carson; Four Plays by Euripides [2008]
***
"The life-world is the horizon within which communicative actions are 'always already' moving."
~ Jürgen Habermas
***
"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny." ~ Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. [1963]
***
"The arts of speech are rhetoric and poetry. Rhetoric is the art of transacting a serious business of the understanding as if it were a free play of the imagination; poetry that of conducting a free play of the imagination as if it were a serious business of the understanding."
~ Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Judgement [1790]
***
"& so yes,
there is an ocean between us the length of my arm & I have built nothing for you that can survive it
& from here I am close enough to be seen but not close enough to be cherished
& from here, I can see every possible ending before we even
touch."
~ Hanif Abdurraaqib; It is maybe time to admit that Michael Jordan definitely pushed off -
***
"To govern, in this sense, is to structure the possible field of action of others."
~ Michel Foucault; The Subject & Power [1982]
***
"There are processes that define the political in ways that escape the awareness of human societies."
~ Nicole Loraux; The Divided City [2002]
***
"The creation of the world -- said Plato -- is the victory of persuasion over force. The worth of men consists in their liability to persuasion." ~ Alfred North Whitehead
***
"In order to appear to my mind only, it [the absent - a person, an event, a monument] must first be de-sensed, and the capacity to transform sense-objects into images is called 'imagination.' Without this faculty, which makes present what is absent in a de-sensed form, no thought processes & no trains of thought would be possible at all."
~ Hannah Arendt; The Life of the Mind [1971]
***
"My error, however, must be the path of a truth: since only when I err do I step out of what I know and what I understand."
~ Clarice Lispector; The Passion According to G.H.
***
"Rhetoric can open time and space - for deliberation, action, and collective judgment [...] [a]s words have power, rhetoric is an art of potential, an art of discerning and enabling the word's power to open and sustain ethical relationships [...] [t]he truth of rhetoric abides in its capacity to enable the development and articulation of opinions about matters of common concern [...] the possibility of an ethical relation may appear as the tragic desire to claim control over language gives way to a faith in the work of words that unfolds between human beings."
~ Erik Doxtader
***
"Rhetoric is an instrumental use of language. One person engages another person in an exchange of symbols to accomplish some goal. It is not communication for communication's sake. Rhetoric is communication that attempts to coordinate social action. For this reason, rhetorical communication is explicitly pragmatic. Its goal is to influence human choices on specific matters that require immediate attention."
~ Gerard A. Hauser
***
"Negative Capability [...] when [a hu]man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact & reason."
~ John Keats
***
"...rhetoric is a mode of altering reality, not by the direct application of energy to objects, but by the creation of discourse which changes reality through the mediation of thought and action."
~ Lloyd Bitzer
***
"Rhetoric in the most general sense may perhaps be identified with the energy inherent in communication: the emotional energy that impels the speaker to speak, the physical energy expanded in the utterance, the energy level coded in the message, and the energy experienced by the recipient in decoding the message."
~ George A. Kennedy
***
"How should we like it were stars to burn
With a passion for us we could not
return?
If equal affection cannot be,
Let the more loving one be me."
~ W. H. Auden
***
"The most characteristic concern of rhetoric [is] the manipulation of men's beliefs for political ends....the basic function of rhetoric [is] the use of words by human agents to form attitudes or to induce actions in other human agents."
~ Kenneth Burke
***
"[Sometimes] human speech is like a cracked kettle on which we
tap crude rhythms for bears to dance to, while we
long to make music that will melt
the stars."
~ Gustave Flaubert; Madame Bovary
***
"Rhetoric is the study of misunderstandings and their remedies."
~ I.A. Richards
***
"[...] the close, the far-off, the horizon in their indescribable contrast form a system [a field], and it is their relationship within the total field that is the perceptual truth."
~ Maurice Merleau-Ponty; The Visible & The Invisible
***
"Rhetoric is the art, practice, and study of human communication." ~ Andrea Lunsford
***
"This [is the] sine qua non of rhetoric: the art of linguistically or symbolically creating salience. After salience is created, the situation must be translated into meaning.“ (Philosophy and Rhetoric, 1973) ~ Richard E. Vatz
***
"The creation of the world did not occur at the beginning of time,
it occurs every day"
~ Marcel Proust; In Search of Lost Time [1923]
***
"Rhetorical questions ask after the words with which we can begin to speak to issues around which there is profound ambiguity and deep division; rhetorical inquiry, in Aristotle's terms, is addressed to those things that are 'in the main contingent.'"
~ Erik Doxtader
***
"Rhetoric is an acquired competency, a manner of thinking that invents possibilities for persuasion, conviction, action, and judgments."
~ Thomas B. Farrell
The Norms of Rhetorical Culture [1993]
***
"Justice. To be ever ready to admit that another person is something quite different from what we read when they are there (or when we think about them). Or rather, to read in them that they are certainly something different, perhaps something completely different from what we read in them. Every being cries out silently to be read differently." ~ Simone Weil, Gravity and Grace [1947]
***
"Perception is reading."
~ Walter Benjamin
***
"In seeking to open a way of speaking, rhetoric struggles to discern a path along which the word moves us just as we move the word."
~ Erik Doxtader
***
"The basic operators of rhetoric, then, are identity (=), similarity (+), inference (±), and opposition (-). "
~ Michel Meyer, What is Rhetoric? [2017]
***
"Rhetoric is the negotiation of the distance between ethos and pathos on a given question (logos).
~ Michel Meyer, What is Rhetoric? [2017]
***
"Rhetoric is the strategic act of negotiating embodied knowledge and communication strategies across different power dynamics."
~ Allison Hitt, Octalog IV [2021]
***
"The fact that man is not fixed, biologically, to a specific environment can be understood as a fundamental lack of proper equipment for self-preservation or [can be understood] as [an] openness to the fullness of a world that is no longer accentuated only in terms of vital necessities. Man is made creative either by the urgency of his needs or by the playful dealings with his surplus talents [...] Rhetoric has to do either with the consequences of possessing the Truth or with the difficulties that result from the impossibility of obtaining truth."
~ Hans Blumenberg; An Anthropological Approach to the Contemporary Significance of Rhetoric
***
"The fact that Kenneth Burke, following Vico, saw in metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony the four 'master-tropes' is revealing [...] [t]hey are thus the four ways for a speaker to reach to what is said concerning a given question, i.e., of actualizing a certain level of problematicity (high or low). "
~ Michel Meyer, What is Rhetoric? [2017]
***
"Words create audiences; audiences arbitrate meaning."
~ Erik Doxtader
***
"This is recursion: practices whose performance in constant variation produce a place, the present, in which the past and future are felt [...] [t]he manner of circling about the past secures the place from which rhetoric speaks [...] [p]aradigms of recursive praxis emerge from inequalities of power for the purposes of exercising power, namely the coveted power to promise the future, and they continually disintegrate as they are contested or surpassed."
~ Nathan Stormer
***
"Can art be, and show us how to be, something other than a society 'structured in dominance?' What if the political is simply the structuring of societies in dominance? If so, can we imagine an ante- and antipolitical art in the interest of the most absolute and aesthetic insurgency?"
~ Fred Moten; Black & Blur
***
"Theoretical and practical to the point the difference fades, rhetoric seeks to investigate and express the ways in which language invents and sustains politics, society, and culture."
~ Erik Doxtader
***
"We may, in the traditional terminology of erotic theorizing, refer to this stucture as a love triangle [...] But the ruse of the triangle is not a trivial mental maneuver. We see in it the radical constitution of desire. For, where eros is lack, its activation calls for three structural components: love, beloved, and that which comes between them. They are three points of transformation on a circuit of possible relationship, electrified by desire so that they touch not touching. Conjoined they are held apart. The third component plays a paradoxical role for it both connects and separates, marking that two are not one, irradiating the absence whose presence is demanded by eros. When the circuit-points connect, perception leaps. And something becomes visible, on the triangular path where volts are moving, that would not be visible without the three-part structure. The difference between what is and would could be is visible [...] Triangulation makes both present at once by a shift of distance, replacing erotic action with a ruse of heart and language. For in this dance the people do not move. Desire moves. Eros is a verb."
~ Anne Carson; Eros the Bittersweet, [1986]
***
"Rhetoric is not about how to use words as a lever to get what one wants; contrary to what the dealers of 'public relations' would have us believe, persuasion is not a unilateral force so much as the work of creating meaningful agreement & disagreement."
~ Erik Doxtader
***
"Tell all the truth but tell it slant ---
Success in Circuit lies
Too bright for our infirm Delight
The Truth's superb surprise
As Lightning to the Children eased
With explanation kind
The Truth must dazzle gradually
Or every man be blind ---
~ Emily Dickinson; 1263
***
"One history of the world is the story of how human beings have argued and fought over the allocation and exercise of the power to name - this is the history of sovereignty's struggle."
~ Erik Doxtader; 67 'Minutes' about Words, On the Occasion of Nelson Mandela's 94th Birthday
***
"We may never touch Queerness, but we can feel it as the warm illumination of a horizon imbued with potentiality. We have never been queer, yet queerness exists for us as an ideality that can be distilled from the past and used to imagine a future[...] [w]e must strive, in the face of the here and now's totalizing rendering of reality, to think and feel a then and there[...] [o]ften we can glimpse the worlds proposed and promised by queerness in the realm of the aesthetic. The aesthetic, especially the queer aesthetic, frequently contains blueprints and schemata of a forward-dawning futurity [...] Queerness is essentially about the rejection of a here & now and an insistence on potentiality or concrete possibility for another world."
~ José Esteban Muñoz; Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity
***
Works Cited
[in (updating) progress]
Benjamin, Walter. The Origin of German Drama. Translated by John Osborne. Verso, 2009.
Carson, Anne. Eros the Bittersweet. Dalkey Archive Press, 1986.
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of Hope: Reliving Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Bloomsbury, 2014.
hooks, bell. Teaching Community: A Pedagogy of Hope. Routledge, 2003.
King Jr., Martin Luther. The Words of Martin Luther King, Jr. Selected and introduced by Coretta Scott King. Newmarket Press, 1987.
Losh, Elizabeth, Jonathan Alexander, Kevin Cannon, and Zander Cannon. Understanding Rhetoric: A Graphic Guide to Writing, 3rd edition. Bedford, 2020.
Lunsford, Andrea, Michal Brody. Let’s Talk…: A Pocket Rocket. W.W. Norton & Company, 2021.
Weil, Simone. Gravity and Grace. Translated by Emma Crawford and Mario von der Ruhr. Routledge Classics, 1947.